We also sequenced the genome of a Neandertal from the Caucasus to low coverage. An analysis of the relationships and population history of available archaic genomes and 25 present-day human genomes shows that several gene flow events occurred among Neandertals, Denisovans and early modern humans, possibly including gene flow into Denisovans from an unknown archaic group. Thus, interbreeding, albeit of low magnitude, occurred among many hominin groups in the Late Pleistocene. In addition, the high quality Neandertal genome allows us to establish a definitive list of substitutions that became fixed in modern humans after their separation from the ancestors of Neandertals and Denisovans.

Nature. 2014 Jan 2; 505(7481): 43–49.

Published online 2013 Dec 18. doi:  10.1038/nature12886

PMCID: PMC4031459

NIHMSID: NIHMS541101

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031459/#__ffn_sectitle